top of page

 Star life cycles create the planets and elements

EvolutionUniverseSumm.jpg
EvolutionUniverseSumm.jpg

  • Big Bang forms billions of stars​​​

  • Planets form as star matter aggregates​

  • As stars die, they populate the universe with heavy elements ​

  • Our sun is 4.5B years and will last a total of 10 B  years,​​

  • Stars 10x the mass, live for 30  M years, and produce black holes and trans-iron elements when the die. 

​

Planets.jpg

  • Earth has a hot core of mostly Iron.  The solid core is surrounded by liquid and solid layers formed as the planet cools.  

  • Iron core produces magnetic field that protects life from solar radiation

  • Silicate crust forms tectonic plates that move due to thermal confection

  • Cycles of plate intrusion and erosion creates our scenery. 

  • Catastrophic tectonic events caused extinctions that opened up niches to be repopulated by new species.

Earth_Internal_Structure copy.jpg
Subduction-en copy.jpg

Plate tectonics drives Earths scenery and species diversity 

Tectonic movement creates our scenery

Faults.avif
Geology cycle.jpg

Cycle of life, enables DNA mutations and evolution 

Extinctions enable species diversification

Gondwana-12 copy.jpg
Meteor.jpg

Oxygen              Glaciation                Glaciation          Volcanism              Volcanism             Meteor              2.3B                        538M                      444 M               360M                      200M                      66M

EvolutionTrim.jpg

Knowledge flourishes with personal freedom   

San2.jpg
Civilizations.avif

San people in Botswana

  • Domestic agriculture provides the individual freedom for Civilization to develop. 

  • Knowledge flourishes in Classical Greece when independent thought is valued   -  Plato & Socrates     

  • Doctrinaire oppression stifles innovation in the Middle Ages    

  • Knowledge flourishes again in the freedom of the Renaissance -   John Stewart Mill,  Alexis de Tocqueville &  Amartya Sen                                                                                                                                                               

Ancient Greece circa 0 AD                                            Medieval circa 1300                                          Renaissance circa 1500

ptolemy-map-simplified.avif

150 AD Ptolomy map                                                     1300 Hereford Mappamundi                         1509  Wiedsmuller map 

1300 Hereford-Mappamundilarge copy.jpg
1509 Wiedsmillur.avif
Aristarcus.avif
Medieval Doc.jfif
First printed Plato.png

Aristarchus size of planets                                          Monks Bible                                                                  First printed copy of Plato

Humans change the Planet 

  • The Earth has cycled from ice-free to iceberg world on multiple occasions with over 200m of sea level change.

  • Most recent ice free cycle in the age of dinosaurs was associated with volcanic activity, that increased CO2 levels to 1000ppm. 

  • Today CO2 is at  400ppm, temperatures are -12C cooler and  sea levels  100m lower than "ice-free" earth.   

  • In the last 800K years, ice age cycles have produced periods with temperature changes of -8C and  additional 100 m of sea level drop. 

  • The use of fossil fuels since the industrial revolution has pumped enough Carbon Dioxide into the atmosphere to change the planet.

  • Over the last 100 years, CO2 has increased 150ppm, average temperatures +1.5 C, and sea levels have risen 0.3m.

  • At thermal equilibrium, linear extrapolation  suggests that at todays CO2 level and temperature, there will be 15m of sea level rise over 5,000 years - equilibrium sea levels are very sensitive to temperature.

  •  Unfortunately CO2 is still increasing.   If the ice caps disappear, eventually there will be 100m of sea level rise - Austin is beach front.​

  • These linear predictions will probably be overwhelmed by irreversible "tipping points" such as the collapse of the Gulf Stream. ​

  • Temperature changes produce month to month changes in crop growth, and hurricanes. Global warming is producing immediate extreme weather events. ​​​

cretaceous_climate_3500_print.jpg

1000 ppm CO2 27 C                       400 ppm CO2   15 C 

+100 m sea level                              0 m sea level ​

ChangeComposite copy.jpg

 Spratt, R. M. and Lisiecki, L. E.: A Late Pleistocene sea level stack, Clim. Past, 12, 1079–1092, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-1079-2016, 2016.

The Earth has cycled from ice free to iceberg world on multiple occasions with over 200m of sea level change. Most recent ice free cycle was associated with volcanic activity, that increased CO2 levels to 1000ppm, eliminating ice.   Today CO2 is at  400ppm, temperatures cooler 12C and  sea levels  100m lower.   In the last 800K years, ice age cycles have produced periods with temperature changes of 8C and  additional 100 m of sea level drop. 

 

The use of fossil fuels since the industrial revolution has pumped enough Carbon Dioxide into the atmosphere to change the planet. Over the last 100 years, CO2 has increased 150ppm, average temperatures 1.5 C, and sea levels have risen 0.3m. At thermal equilibrium, linear extrapolation  suggests that at todays CO2 level and temperature, there will be 15m of sea level rise over 5,000 years.  Unfortunately CO2 is still increasing.   If the ice caps disappear, eventually there will be 100m of sea level rise - Austin is beach front.

​

These linear predictions will probably be overwhelmed by irreversible "tipping points" such as the collapse of the Gulf Stream. 

​

Temperature changes produce month to month changes in crop growth, and hurricanes. Global warming is producing immediate extreme weather events. ​​​

​​

BB   to Galaxies

Star to BH 

Planets 

Continental drift   -    Uplift / Erosion / Deposition

Extinctions

Evolution 

Civilization / voting / maps

​

There are 8 great extinction/explosion of species;

  1. Oxygen explosion (2.3 Bya) - Oxygen atmosphere leading to Eukaryotes explosion,                                                      enabled by extinction from the Vredefort asteroid.

  2. Pre Cambrian (538 Mya) - Baikanur glaciation leading to Marine explosion

  3. End Ordovician (444 Mya)  - Gonwanda at S Pole  glaciation leading to Vertebrate                                                        fish  explosion

  4. Late Devonian (360 Mya) - Volcanism lowers sea O2 leading to Insect & Reptile                                                          explosion,

  5. End Permian (250 Mya) - Siberian trap volcanism CAMP volcanism leading to  dinosaurs  land, diatoms and cocoliths in ocean.

  6. End Cretaceous (65 Mya) –    K/T asteroid  wipes out everything >50 lbs. Mammal &                                                     bird explosion

​

  1. John Stuart Mill - Advocated for individual liberty as essential for creativity and progress.

  2. Isaiah Berlin - Distinguished between positive and negative freedom, linking the latter to innovation.

  3. Friedrich Hayek - Emphasized economic freedom as a driver of innovation and societal advancement.

  4. Karl Popper - Argued that a free society fosters critical thinking, leading to innovative solutions.

  5. Amartya Sen - Linked freedom to capabilities, suggesting that true innovation arises when individuals can pursue their potential.

  6. Hannah Arendt - Highlighted the role of freedom in human action and the capacity to initiate new ideas.

​

  1. John Dewey - Advocated for participatory democracy, emphasizing that public engagement fosters innovative solutions to social problems.

  2. Alexis de Tocqueville - Highlighted how democratic societies encourage creativity and innovation through individual freedoms and social equality.

  3. Joseph Schumpeter - Linked democracy to economic innovation, arguing that competitive markets drive creative destruction and progress.

  4. Amartya Sen - Emphasized that democracy enhances individual capabilities, leading to more diverse and innovative ideas.

  5. Hannah Arendt - Suggested that democratic spaces allow for public discourse, which is essential for the exchange of innovative thoughts.

  6. Robert Putnam - Discussed social capital in democracies, noting that strong community ties can lead to collaborative innovation.

​

  1. Definition: An iron core is a dense, metallic center found in some planets, primarily composed of iron and nickel.

  2. Examples: Mercury, Earth, and Jupiter are notable planets with significant iron cores.

  3. Formation: Iron cores form during planetary differentiation, where heavier elements sink to the center during a planet's molten phase.

  4. Geological Activity: Planets with iron cores often exhibit geological activity, such as volcanic eruptions and tectonic movements.

  5. Magnetic Fields: The movement of molten iron in the core can generate magnetic fields, as seen on Earth.

  6. Size Variation: The size and composition of iron cores can vary significantly between different planets, influencing their overall structure and behavior.

© 2023 by Closet Confidential. Proudly created with Wix.com

bottom of page